RS232 is full-duplex, RS485 is half-duplex, and
RS422 is full-duplex. ... RS485 and
RS232 are only the physical protocol of communication (ie interface standard), RS485 is the differential transmission mode,
RS232 is the single-ended transmission mode, but the communication program does not have much
difference.
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However from a communication direction point of view, RS422 is not compatible with RS485, but RS485 can be made compatible with RS422. The biggest difference between RS422 and RS485 is how they communicate with devices on a single pair of differential wires.
